Giới từ (Prepositions)
I. Biểu đồ minh họa một số giới từ
Các biểu đồ sau đây giúp bạn có một khái niệm về một số giới từ
1. in (trong)
2. on [ở trên (tiếp xúc)]
3. over / above (bên trên)
4. past / by (ngang qua)
5. into (vào trong)
6. out of (ra khỏi)
7. under / below (bên dưới)
8. through (xuyên qua)
9. across (băng qua)
10. among (trong số, trong đám)
11. round (xung quanh)
12. along (dọc theo)
13. opposite (đối diện)
14. between [ở giữa (hai)]
II. Giới từ đơn
Giới từ đơn có thể học bằng cách tìm hiểu ý nghĩa hoặc bằng cách so sánh giới từ này với giới từ khác.
Sau đây là những giới từ đơn thông dụng.
+ Above: bên trên
- There is a portrait above the blackboard.
+ Across: ngang qua
- Can you swim across the river?
+ Along: dọc theo
- I was walking along the river bank when I saw him.
+ Among: giữa, trong số (ba người hoặc ba vật trở lên)
- He devided the sweets among the children.
+ At + địa chỉ
- I live at 168B Phan Dinh Phung street.
+ At + một thời điểm
- He usually gets up at 5:00 AM.
+ Behind: đằng sau
- The boy is hiding behind the tree.
+ Below: ở bên dưới (thấp hơn)
- The boy is below his teacher's desk.
+ Between: ở giữa (hai người, hai vật)
- He is sitting between Peter and me.
+ By: bên cạnh, ngang qua
- The directory is by the television.
- We walk by the post-office every day.
+ Down: xuống
- Don't go down the hill!
+ During: trong, trong suốt
- During the summer, we do not have to go to school.
+ From: từ
- He came from Da Nang yesterday.
+ In: trong, ở trong
- He is in his study.
+ Into: vào trong
- She is walking into the room.
+ On: ở trên (tiếp xúc với một vật thể)
- The phonograph records are on the table.
Vài cách dùng "on" khác:
- I will call you on Sunday.
- Lan lives on Dong Khoi street.
- I went to school this morning on the bus.
- She lives on the second floor of that building.
+ Over: qua
- The boy climbed over the wall.
+ Opposite: đối diện
- There is a barber's opposite the bank.
+ Past / by: ngang qua
- I go past/ by your house on my way to work every day.
+ Round: xung quanh
- The earth revolves round the sun.
+ Through: qua, xuyên qua
- The thief ran through the gate and climed through the window.
+ To: đến
- She drove to Da Nang last night.
+ Towards: về hướng
- He ran towards the church.
+ Under: ở dưới
- The boots are under the bed.
+ Under / Beneath: bên dưới
- He lay under/ beneath the car to repair it.
+ Up: lên
- The cat climbed up the tree.
III. Giới từ kép
Giới từ kép có chức năng như một giới từ đơn nghĩa là có thể đứng trước danh từ, tương đương danh từ hoặc đại từ.
+ According to: theo, theo ý kiến
- According to him, this is a complicated problem.
+ Along with (together with): cùng với
- He went swimming along with his friends.
+ Apart from (besides): ngoại trừ
- What do you study apart from physics?
+ As for (regarding): về phần
- As for the thief, I am sure that he will soon be caught.
+ As from: tính từ (chỉ thời gian)
- His visa expired as from January 1.
+ As to (about, regarding): về
- I have no doubt as to his ability.
+ Because of (on account of): vì
- Because of his illness, he could not go with his-classmates.
+ But for: nếu không
- But for her help, we would have died.
+ By way of (via): ngang qua, qua ngả
- We drove here by way of Hai Phong.
+ Down to: hạ xuống
- The river is now down to the level of the bridge.
+ Due to: vì, do bởi
- His failure was due to his laziness.
+ Except for: ngoại trừ
- The park was deserted except for a few young people.
+ Instead of (in place of): thay vì, thay cho
- He made o speech at the meeting instead of his manager.
+ In touch with (in contact with): tiếp xúc, liên lạc với
- It's very difficult to get in touch with her because she works all day.
+ Out of: ra khỏi
- He walked out of the room.
+ Out of + noun: hết, thiếu, không còn
- She went to the store because she was out of butter and cheese.
+ Previous to (before): trước khi
- What did you do previous to 1995?
+ Prior to (before): trước khi
- Prior to his return, he wrote to everyone about his trip.
+ Save for (except for): ngoại trừ
- It is a good text book save for the second chapter.
+ Together with (in the company of): cùng với
- I went to Da Nang together with my classmates.
+ Up to: lên tới tận
- During the flood, the water came up to one-third of this tree.
IV. Cụm từ chứa giới từ
Cụm từ chứa giới từ là cụm từ không mang chức năng của một giới từ nhưng luôn luôn có chứa giới từ. Các cụm từ này thường có chức năng như trạng từ.
+ At first (initially): lúc đầu, ban đầu
- I was nervous at first, but later I felt more relaxed.
+ At least (at minimum): tối thiểu
- We will spend at least one month in Vung Tau.
+ At once (immediately): ngay lập tức
- Please do it at once.
+ By accident (by mistake): ngẫu nhiên, vô tình
- I did it by accident.
+ By bus / plane / train / ship / car / bike: bằng xe buýt / phi cơ / xe lửa / tàu / xe hơi / xe đạp (chỉ phương tiện vận chuyển)
- We travelled to Hai Phong by plane.
+ By far (considerably): rất nhiều
- This book is by far the best on the subject.
+ By then: vào lúc đó
- I will be 30 years old in 2004. By then, I hope to have found a husband.
+ By the way (incidentally): tiện thể
- By the way, I've got two tickets for Sunday's game. Would you like to go with me?
+ For good (forever): mãi mãi, vĩnh viễn
- She is leaving her hometown for good.
+ From time to time (occasionally): thỉnh thoảng
- We visit Texas from time to time.
+ In case (if): nếu, trong trường hợp
- I will give you the key so you'll have it in case I arrive late.
+ In front of: đằng trước
- There is a big tree in front of my house.
+ In no time at all (in a very short time): trong một thời gian rất ngắn
- He finished his test in no time at all.
+ In the event that (if): nếu, trong trường hợp:
- In the event that you win the prize, you will be offered a free trip to Thailand.
+ In the way (obstructing): choán chỗ, cản đường
- He could not get out of his room because a big old woman was in the way.
+ In time (not late, early morning): không trễ, đủ sớm
- We arrived at the airport in time to have a cup of coffee before the plane left.
+ On sale: bán giảm giá
- Today this item is on sale for $5.
+ On the whole (in general): nói chung, đại khái
- On the whole, your task was well executed.
+ On time (punctually): đúng giờ
- Despite the bad weather, our plane arrived on time.
+ Out of date (old): cũ, lỗi thời
- Don't use that dictionary. It's out of date.
+ Out of order (not functioning): hư, không hoạt động
- The machine is out of order.
+ Out of the question (impossible): không thể được
- Your request for a loan is out of the question.
+ Out of town (away): đi vắng, đi khỏi thành phố
- I cannot see her this week because she's out of town.
+ Out of work (jobless, unemployed): thất nghiệp
- I have been out of work for many years.
+ Round about (approximately): xấp xỉ
- He earns round about 500 dollars a week.