Câu bị động (Passive sentences)
Dạng tổng quát của câu bị động là:
| TO BE + past participle (+ by phrase): bị, được... |
Các trường hợp cụ thể:
I. Hiện tại thường (Simple present)
| SUBJECT + AM / IS / ARE + past participle |
Ví dụ:
- Peter eats a cake.
- A cake is eaten by Peter.
II. Quá khứ thường (Simple past)
| SUBJECT + WAS / WERE + past participle |
Ví dụ:
- The personnel manager sacked us.
- We were sacked by the personnel manager.
III. Tương lai thường (Simple future)
| SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + BE + past participle |
Ví dụ:
- The milkman will deliver the milk.
- The milk will be delivered by the milkman.
IV. Hiện tại tiếp diễn và quá khứ tiếp diễn (Present and past continuous)
|
AM / IS / ARE SUBJECT + + BEING + past participle WAS / WERE |
Ví dụ:
- The police are questioning him.
- He is being questioned by the police.
- He was reading a book when I came.
- A book was being read when I came.
V. Tương lai tiếp diễn (Future continuous)
|
SHALL SUBJECT + + BE + BEING + past participle WILL |
Ví dụ:
- I shall be waiting for her at 8.00 P.M tomorrow.
- She will be being waited for at 8.00 P.M tomorrow.
VI. Hiện tại hoàn thành (Present perfect)
|
HAVE SUBJECT + + BEEN + past participle HAS |
Ví dụ:
- The police have questioned me.
- I have been questioned by the police.
VII. Quá khứ hoàn thành (Past perfect)
| SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN + past participle |
Ví dụ:
- She had done that work before she left her office.
- That work had been done before she left her office.
VII. Tương lai hoàn thành (Future perfect)
|
SHALL SUBJECT + + HAVE BEEN + past participle WILL |
Ví dụ:
- I shall have received my diploma by next month.
- My diploma will have been received by next month.
Lưu ý:
+ Nếu chủ ngữ trong câu tác động là I, he, she, it, we, you, they hoặc someone, people ... thì khi đổi sang câu bị động có thể bỏ by me, by him, by her, by it, by us, by you, by someone, by people...
Ví dụ:
- He stole my bike.
-> My bike was stolen. (bỏ by him)
+ Nếu có hai tân ngữ trong câu tác động khi đổi sang câu bị động thì dùng tân ngữ nào cũng được.
Ví dụ:
- He told me a story.
(a story: tân ngữ trực tiếp; me: tân ngữ gián tiếp)
-> A story was told to me.
-> I was told a story.
+ Nếu trong câu tác động có động từ chỉ tri giác như: see, watch, hear, smell, taste... và make, know thì Verb (without TO) đổi thành Verb (To).
Ví dụ:
- They made me do it.
-> I was made to do it.
- I have never heard him sing.
-> He has never been heard to sing.
Các ví dụ khác:
- I will take care of the garden.
-> The garden will be taken care of.
- Everybody says he has died.
-> It is said that he has died.
-> He is said to have died.
+ Trường hợp câu tác động có động từ khiếm khuyết (defective verbs) can, may, must, ought to, shall, will ... thì:
| SUBJECT + Defective verb + BE + past participle |
Ví dụ:
- He can speak many languages.
-> Many languages can be spoken (by him).